Sep 15, 2009 media as extensions or amputations to cognition. A series of experiments addressed whether there are systematic differences in information processing styles between chronically heavy and. Wagner, journalproceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america, year2009, volume106 37. Media multitasking, cognition, academic performance. Higher media multitasking activity is associated with smaller graymatter density in the anterior cingulate cortex, plos one, 99. Media multitasking and cognitive control accepted pending minor. On the other hand, they found media multitasking inefficient, which implies a smaller amount of cognitive resources available to process advertising. Media multitasking and cognitive, psychological, neural, and. An account for this is that with a breadthbiased style of cognitive control, multitaskers tend to pay attention to various information available in the environment, without sufficient focus on. This study contributed to the previous by investigating whether individual differences between heavy and light media multitaskers make them respond differently toward advertising and whether the driving mechanism of these differences is a lack of motivation or ability to efficiently shift attention. A 2009 study by stanford university published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, cognitive control in media multitaskers, used experiments to compare heavy media multitaskers to light media multitaskers in terms of their cognitive control. Given that a large number of media multitaskers mmts are children and young adults whose brains are still developing, there is great urgency to understand the neurocognitive profiles of mmts. Media multitasking, or the concurrent consumption of multiple media forms, is increasingly prevalent in todays society and has been associated with negative psychosocial and cognitive impacts. This bibliography was generated on cite this for me on monday, may 4, 2015.
Media multitasking, the concurrent use of multiple media forms, has been shown to be related to greater selfreported impulsivity and less selfcontrol. Media multitasking, the concurrent use of multiple media forms, has been shown to be related to greater selfreported impulsivity and less self control. Behavioral sciences free fulltext features of media. Cognitive control in media multitaskers eyal ophira, clifford nassb,1, and anthony d. Aug 24, 2017 ophir, nass, and wagner 2009, proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america, 10637, 1558315587 found that people with high scores on the mediause questionnairea questionnaire that measures the proportion of mediausage time during which one uses more than one medium at the same timeshow impaired performance on various tests of distractor. While more research is required to elucidate these associations, the emergent trend, while small, suggests a negative relationship between high levels of media multitasking and aspects of cognitive control. A trait media multitasking index was developed to identify groups of heavy and light media multitaskers. Media multitasking has been associated with depressive symptoms and social anxiety by a single study involving 318 participants. Contrary to previousreports,though, the performance deficit was not specifically tied to distractors, but was instead more global in nature. Wagner, journalproceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america, year2009, volume106 37, pages 155837.
Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, usa, 106, 1558315587 pdf commentary pmid. This paper aims to investigate whether individual differences between hmms and lmms make them respond differently to advertising in a media multitasking context and whether this stems from differences in the ability. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america. Pdf cognitive control in media multitaskers clifford. This paper aims to investigate whether individual differences between hmms and lmms make them respond differently to advertising in a media multitasking context and whether this stems from differences in the ability versus the. How multitasking affects productivity and brain health. Across two experiments, heavy media multitaskers were better able to switch between tasks in the task switching paradigm. Cognitive control in media multitaskers, ophir, nass and wagner, proceedings of the national academy of sciences, september 15, 2009 breadthbased versus focused cognitive control in media multitasking behaviors, lin, proceedings of the national academy of sciences, september 15, 2009. For media multitaskers, when can irrelevant stimuli have positive or negative effects on working performance. The researchers are still studying whether chronic media multitaskers are born with an inability to concentrate or are damaging their cognitive control by willingly taking in so much at once. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, august 24, 2009. Two replication studies and a metaanalysis wisnu wiradhany 0 1 mark r. A growing amount of modern media is consumed simultaneously, a phenomenon known as media multitasking.
One possibility is that chronic media multitaskers exhibit advantages in cognitive. Past research suggests that heavy media multitaskers hmms perform worse on tasks that require executive control, compared to light media multitaskers lmms. A fulltext pdf of this document is available for free download from. Ophir, nass, and wagner 2009, proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america, 10637, 1558315587 found that people with high scores on the media use questionnairea questionnaire that measures the proportion of media usage time during which one uses more than one medium at the same timeshow impaired performance on various tests of distractor. Chronic media multitasking is quickly becoming ubiquitous, although processing multiple incoming streams of information is considered a challenge for human. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 106 37, 1558315587.
Re searchers have examined the immediate effects of multitasking, and of media multitasking in particular, on memory, learning, and cognitive. Previous research comparing heavy media multitaskers and light media multitaskers sug. A series of experiments addressed whether there are systematic differences in information processing styles between chronically heavy and light media multitaskers. Wagner c a symbolic systems program and b department of communication, 450 serra mall, building 120, stanford university, stanford, ca 943052050. Given that a large number of media multitaskers mmts are children and. The association between media multitasking, taskswitching, and dualtask performance. Media multitaskers pay mental price, stanford study shows.
One possibility is that chronic media multitaskers exhibit advantages in cognitive control, which would motivate future work to establish whether heavy multitasking confers or reflects these advantages. Pdf extending from the increasing prevalence of media in personal, social, and work environments, research has indicated that media. Relationship between chronic media multitasking and cognitive abilities. Sep 15, 2009 chronic media multitasking is quickly becoming ubiquitous, although processing multiple incoming streams of information is considered a challenge for human cognition. Given that a large number of media multitaskers mmts are children and young. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences 106. This phenomenon is not limited to american youth but is paralleled across the globe. Media multitasking and cognitive, psychological, neural. Pdf cognitive control in media multitaskers clifford nass. Researchers have examined the immediate effects of multitasking, and of media multitasking in particular, on memory, learning, and cognitive functioning. Breadthbiased versus focused cognitive control in media. Higher media multitasking activity is associated with.
Jul 11, 20 cognitive control in media multitaskers ophira, eyal. May, 2019 past research suggests that heavy media multitaskers hmms perform worse on tasks that require executive control, compared to light media multitaskers lmms. Cognitive control in media multitaskers eyal ophir a, clifford nass b,1, and anthony d. Media multitasking is the concurrent use of multiple digital media streams. Aug 01, 2011 a 2009 study by stanford university published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, cognitive control in media multitaskers, used experiments to compare heavy media multitaskers to light media multitaskers in terms of their cognitive control and ability to process information. Chronic media multitasking is quickly becoming ubiquitous, although processing multiple incoming streams of information is considered a challenge for human cognition. Individuals who engage in heavier media multitasking are found to perform worse on cognitive control tasks and exhibit more socioemotional difficulties. On average, 29% of that time is spent juggling multiple media streams simultaneously ie, media multitasking.
In an evermore saturated media environment, media multitaskinga persons consumption of more than one item or stream of content at the same timeis becoming an increasingly prevalent phenomenon, especially among the young. These two groups were then compared along established cognitive control dimensions. Media multitasking and cognitive control accepted pending minor revisions in the journal of experimental psychology. Sep 11, 2015 cognitive control in media multitaskers. A touchstone 2009 study by stanford university used experiments to compare heavy media multitaskers to light media multitaskers in terms of their cognitive control and ability to process information. Ophir, nass, and wagner further point out that if the growth of multitasking across individuals leads to or encourages the emergence of a qualitatively different, breadthbiased profile of cognitive control, then the norm of multiple input streams will have significant consequences for learning, persuasion, and other media effects. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america, 10637, 1558315587 orbinger, s. Two replication studies and a metaanalysis, authorwisnu wiradhany and mark r. Heavy media multitaskers have been found to perform poorly in certain cognitive tasks involving task switching, selective attention, and working memory. As the use of electronics and media in daily activities increases, one essential question is how adolescent attention development and related executive and speed processes are impacted by media multitasking mm, or the simultaneous use of media e. Extending from the increasing prevalence of media in personal, social, and work environments, research has indicated that media multitasking i. Sep 15, 2009 the goal was to examine whether there is a relationship between chronic media multitasking and cognitive control abilities.
The previous research has revealed its strong connection with cognitive control, executive functions, and academic performance, yet the specificity and efficacy of media multitasking performance, especially among children while they carry. Cognitive control in media multitaskers university of dundee. Media multitasking and implicit learning kathleen s. Individuals who engage in heavier mediamultitasking are found to perform worse on cognitive control tasks and exhibit more socioemotional difficulties. The goal was to examine whether there is a relationship between chronic media multitasking and cognitive control abilities.
Impact of adolescent media multitasking on cognition and. This article is an open access publication abstract ophir,nass,andwagner2009,proceedingsofthe national academy of sciences of the united states of america,10637,1558315587foundthatpeoplewithhigh. Wagnerc asymbolic systems program and bdepartment of communication, 450 serra mall, building 120, stanford university, stanford, ca 943052050. Nieuwenstein 0 1 0 department of experimental psychology, research school of behavioural and cognitive neurosciences, university of groningen, grote kruistraat 21, 9712 ts groningen, the netherlands 1 wisnu wiradhany ophir, nass, and wagner 2009, proceedings of the national. Wagner date 2009 volume 106 issue 37 page start 15583 page end 15587 doi 10. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america, 10637, 1558315587.
Purpose past research suggests that heavy media multitaskers hmms perform worse on tasks that require executive control, compared to light media multitaskers lmms. American youth spend more time with media than any other waking activity. Adolescence is a critical period in brain development particularly in regions related to attention and executive function ef. Google scholar cardosoleite p, kludt r, vignola g, ma wj, green cs, bavelier d. Interestingly, participants with intermediate levels of media multitasking sometimes per formed better than both light and heavy media multitaskers, suggesting that. Individuals who regularly engage in this activity, heavy media multitaskers hmms, are more affected by irrelevant information that can intrude into a primary task than are light media multitaskers lmmsophir et al, 2009 proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the. University of groningen cognitive control in media. Contrasting action video game experience with media multitasking. A trait media multitasking index was developed to identify groups. Cognitive control in media multitaskers ophira, eyal. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america, 106. Cognitive control in media multitaskers journalists resource.
The paper addresses the phenomenon of media multitasking that is being widely spread among children and adolescents in the context of digital socialization. Researchers have examined the immediate effects of multitasking, and of media multitasking in particular, on memory, learning, and cognitive functioning 2 4. Influence of age and training on planning instruction using mobiles phones by preservice social studies teachers. The study used experiments to compare heavy media multitaskers to light media multitaskers in terms of their cognitive control and ability. Interestingly, participants with intermediate levels of media multitasking sometimes performed better than both light and heavy media. Results showed that heavy media multitaskers are more susceptible to interference from irrelevant environmental stimuli and from irrelevant representations.
Light media multitaskers mmi is created by computing a sum across primary media use weighted by the percentage of time spent with each primary medium. These are the sources and citations used to research media multitasking and cognitive process. These measures are both hallmarks of the need for immediate gratification which has been associated with fast, intuitive system1 decision making, as opposed to more deliberate and effortful system2 decision making. Cognitive control in media multitaskers xiaoying gao 12.
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